{"id":56756,"date":"2023-09-16T09:36:19","date_gmt":"2023-09-16T09:36:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/?p=56756"},"modified":"2023-09-16T09:36:19","modified_gmt":"2023-09-16T09:36:19","slug":"edward-teller-jobanaliteti-i-se-keqes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/2023\/09\/16\/edward-teller-jobanaliteti-i-se-keqes\/","title":{"rendered":"Edward Teller, jobanaliteti i s\u00eb keqes"},"content":{"rendered":"

20 vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, m\u00eb 9 shtatorin e 2003, nd\u00ebrronte jet\u00eb n\u00eb Stanford t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb fizikani Edward Teller. P\u00ebrvjetori ofron rastin p\u00ebr ta rip\u00ebshkruar shkurtimisht jet\u00ebn e gjat\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij shkenc\u00ebtari t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb e kontradiktor dhe p\u00ebr shprehur disa konsiderata mbi raportet midis shkenc\u00ebs e pushtetit dhe, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, me at\u00eb ushtarak.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ede Teller lindi nga nj\u00eb familje hebreje m\u00eb 15 janar t\u00eb 1908 n\u00eb Budapest, q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb i p\u00ebrkiste Perandoris\u00eb Austro \u2013 Hungareze. Babai i tij, Max Teller, ishte avokat kurse n\u00ebna, Ilona Deutsch, ishte pianiste. Pasi ka frekuentuar Minta Gymnasium e Budapestit, n\u00eb vitin 1926 Ede u transferua n\u00eb Gjermani dhe studioi Matematik\u00eb dhe Kimi n\u00eb Universitetin e Karlsruhes. N\u00eb 1928 mori Bachelor of Science<\/em> n\u00eb Inxhinieri Kimike. Nj\u00eb profesor i tij, kimisti Herman Mark, i b\u00ebri t\u00eb njohur rezultatet e reja nga mekanika kuantike e sapolindur dhe kjo ndezi tek djaloshi Ede nj\u00eb interes t\u00eb fort\u00eb p\u00ebr Fizik\u00ebn. Megjith\u00eb disa rezistencave fillestare t\u00eb manifestuara nga i ati, filloi t\u00eb studioj\u00eb Fizik\u00eb n\u00eb Mynih, n\u00ebn drejtimin e Arnold Sommerfeld. M\u00eb 14 korrik 1928, teksa zbriste nga nj\u00eb tramvaj ende n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje, plagoset r\u00ebnd\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb. Kjo i krijoi d\u00ebme permanente dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jet\u00ebn u prek nga nj\u00eb \u00e7alamanll\u00ebk. Gjat\u00eb konvaleshenc\u00ebs pushoi s\u00eb marri antidhimbje pasi, sipas th\u00ebnies s\u00eb tij, ia mjegullonin mendjen dhe duroi stoikisht dhimbje t\u00eb forta.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1929 Teller u transferua n\u00eb Universitetin e Lajpcigut dhe n\u00eb 1930 mori Doktoratur\u00ebn n\u00eb Fizik\u00eb n\u00ebn drejtimin e Werner Heisenberg. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb Teller u vu n\u00eb kontakt dhe b\u00ebri miq\u00ebsi me disa prej fizikan\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb epok\u00ebs, midis t\u00eb cil\u00ebve George Gamow, Lev Landau dhe George Placzek. Pik\u00ebrisht me iniciativ\u00ebn e k\u00ebtij t\u00eb fundit, n\u00eb vitin 19932 Teller do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb pushimi veror n\u00eb Rom\u00eb me Enrico Fermi dhe grupin e tij. Qe pik\u00ebrisht kjo p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb q\u00eb e orientoj\u00eb Teller drejt Fizik\u00ebs B\u00ebrthamore. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1930, Teller u transferua n\u00eb Universitetin e G\u00f6ttingen, qend\u00ebr e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr studimet e Fizik\u00ebs. Pas ardhjes s\u00eb Hitlerit n\u00eb vitin 1933, klima antisemite q\u00eb po p\u00ebrhapej n\u00eb Gjermani e shtyu Teller t\u00eb largohej. Q\u00ebndroi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb Angli dhe m\u00eb pas n\u00eb Kopenhagen, ku bashk\u00ebpunoi me Niels Bohr. N\u00eb vitin 1934 u martua dhe po at\u00eb vit u kthye n\u00eb Angli. N\u00eb vitin 1935, me iniciativ\u00ebn e George Gamow, Teller u thirr si Profesor Fizike n\u00eb George Washington University<\/em> e Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara. K\u00ebtu u mor me tematika kimiko \u2013 fizike. N\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim me Hermann Arthur Jahn, n\u00eb vitin 1937 zbuloi nj\u00eb fenomen molekular t\u00eb njohur si efekti Jahn \u2013 Teller. Ve\u00e7 t\u00eb tjerash, u mor kimik\u00eb \u2013 fizik\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrfaqeve, duke dh\u00ebn\u00eb kontribute origjinale.<\/p>\n

Me shp\u00ebrthimin e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, Teller vendosi t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunoj\u00eb me p\u00ebrpjekjen luftarake amerikane dhe filloi t\u00eb punoj\u00eb, me mikun e at\u00ebhersh\u00ebm Hans Bethe, n\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e nj\u00eb teorie mbi p\u00ebrhapjen e val\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrplasjes. Studime t\u00eb tilla, p\u00ebrve\u00e7se n\u00eb fush\u00ebn luftarake, do t\u00eb rezultojn\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme edhe p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrmarrjet e ardhshme raketore. N\u00eb vitin 1942 Teller diskutoi me Enrico Fermi p\u00ebr mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e realizimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb bombe t\u00eb bazuar mbi shkrirjen b\u00ebrthamore. Po at\u00eb vit mori pjes\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb seminar veror mbi argumentin e mbajtur, pran\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb n\u00eb Berkeley, nga Julius Robert Oppenheimer. Qysh n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, p\u00ebrpara se bomba me shkrirje t\u00eb realizohej, Teller hipotezonte mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e realizimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb bombe t\u00eb bazuar mbi shkrirjen b\u00ebrthamore. N\u00eb vitin 1943, tashm\u00eb i nisur Projekti Manhattan, u b\u00eb operativ Los Alamos Laboratory<\/em>, n\u00eb New Mexico, i t\u00eb cilit Oppenheimer qe drejtori. Po at\u00eb vit Teller u transferua n\u00eb Los Alamos dhe hyri t\u00eb b\u00ebhej pjes\u00eb e Divizionit Teorik t\u00eb Projektit me emrin sekret Ed Tilden. Megjith\u00ebse duke dh\u00ebn\u00eb kontribute dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse n\u00eb zhvillimin e bomb\u00ebs me shkrirje, Teller vazhdoi t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtes\u00eb iden\u00eb e nj\u00eb bombe me shkrirje, e treguar gjenerikisht me emrin Super, por propozimi i tij u konsiderua me prioritet t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, duke par\u00eb edhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb e hasura n\u00eb realizimin e bomb\u00ebs me shkrirje. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr vet\u00eb Teller nuk dinte si ta zgjidhte problemin e shkaktimit t\u00eb reagimit shkrir\u00ebs t\u00eb hidrogjenit. M\u00eb 16 korrik 1945 p\u00ebrpjekjet e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Projektit Manhattan u shp\u00ebrblyen nga suksesi i siguruar nga testimi i par\u00eb b\u00ebrthamor, i kryer n\u00eb shkret\u00ebtir\u00ebn Jornada del Muerto dhe i njphur me emrin Trinity Test<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Hungarezi Leo Szilard (q\u00eb fillimisht i kishte propozuar Albert Einstein t\u2019i d\u00ebrgonte presidentit amerikan Franklin Delano Roosevelt letr\u00ebn e famshme nga e cila u nis vet\u00eb Projekti Manhattan) u b\u00eb promotor i nj\u00eb peticioni p\u00ebr ta ndaluar p\u00ebrdorimin e bomb\u00ebs mbi qeniet njer\u00ebzore. Sipas Szilard do t\u00eb ishte e mjaftueshme nj\u00eb demonstrim publik i fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb arm\u00ebs t\u00eb re p\u00ebr t\u2019i shtyr\u00eb japonez\u00ebt t\u00eb dor\u00ebzohen. Teller refuzoi ta firmos\u00eb peticionin duke konsideruar se p\u00ebrdorimi efektiv i bomb\u00ebs ishte zgjedhja m\u00eb e mir\u00eb. P\u00ebr ta marr\u00eb n\u00eb vendim t\u00eb till\u00eb, Teller kishte pyetur mikun Oppenheimer q\u00eb i ishte p\u00ebrgjigjur duke pohuar se vendime t\u00eb caktuara u p\u00ebrkisnin politikan\u00ebve dhe jo shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, por m\u00eb tej Teller b\u00ebri me dije se Oppenheimer kishte pasur nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb vendimin e Interim Committee <\/em>q\u00eb dekretoi p\u00ebrdorimin e bomb\u00ebs n\u00eb Japoni. Ky episod filloi t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsoj\u00eb raportet midis Teller dhe Oppenheimer.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1 shkurt 1946, Teller la Los Alamos dhe u kthye n\u00eb Universitetin e Chicago si pedagog dhe bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor i ngusht\u00eb i Fermi dhe Maria Goeppert-Mayer. Gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb konference t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00eb Los Alamos midis 18 dhe 20 prillit 1946, Teller rilan\u00e7oi iden\u00eb e zbatueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb bomb\u00ebs me shkrirje (apo bomb\u00eb me hidrogjen apo termob\u00ebrthamore), duke mb\u00ebshtetur nevoj\u00ebn e realizimit t\u00eb saj. Koleg\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb tij manifestuan nj\u00eb skepticiz\u00ebm t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb planin teknik dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb shpreh\u00ebn jo pak dyshime nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi etik: midis k\u00ebtyre qe vet\u00eb Oppenheimer. Edhe fizikan\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb pat\u00ebn marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb Projektin Manhattan, midis t\u00eb cil\u00ebve Isidor Rabi dhe vet\u00eb Fermi, e shk\u00ebshilluan jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr problemet teknike, por edhe pse e konsideronin si \u201cnd\u00ebrthueshm\u00ebrisht malinj\u201d, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb distruktivitetit potencialisht t\u00eb pakufizuar. Frika q\u00eb edhe sovjetik\u00ebt do t\u00eb punonin n\u00eb k\u00ebrkime analoge e \u00e7oi n\u00eb janarin e 1950 presidentin amerikan Harry Truman t\u00eb vendos\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb nj\u00eb program p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e bomb\u00ebs me hidrogjen. N\u00eb krye t\u00eb tij u vendos Teller, q\u00eb koordinonte nj\u00eb grup shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebsh q\u00eb nisi t\u00eb punoj\u00eb, gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb Los Alamos. Zhvillimet e programit b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohej ideja e nxitjes t\u00eb propozuar nga Teller nuk mund t\u00eb funksiononte. Faktikisht, ajo parashikonte ta nxiste reagimin e shkrirjes s\u00eb hidrogjenit vet\u00ebm n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet ngrohjes s\u00eb provokuar nga nj\u00eb reagim shkrirjeje b\u00ebrthmore. Qe matematikani me origjin\u00eb polake Stanslaw Ulam q\u00eb pati iden\u00eb korrekte: hidrogjeni duhej t\u00eb kompresohej fuqimisht, p\u00ebrve\u00e7se t\u00eb ngrohej.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 1 n\u00ebntor 1952 Shtetet e Bashkuara eksperimentuan bomb\u00ebn e par\u00eb me hidrogjen. E quajtur Ivy Mike, bomba ishte 500 her\u00eb m\u00eb e fuqishme se ajo q\u00eb pak vite m\u00eb par\u00eb qen\u00eb l\u00ebshuar mbi Hiroshima e Nagasaki dhe b\u00ebri praktikisht t\u00eb zhdukej ishullthi i pabanuar i Paq\u00ebsorit ku ishte kryer testimi. N\u00eb gushtin e 1953 edhe Bashkimit Sovjetik kishte eksperimentuar bomb\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb me shkrirje, n\u00eb realizmin e t\u00eb cil\u00ebs kontribuoi n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb dometh\u00ebn\u00ebse Andrej Sacharov. N\u00eb vitet e m\u00ebpasme kryen testime analoge edhe Mbret\u00ebria e Bashkuar, Kina, Franca dhe India. N\u00eb vitin 1961 Bashkimi Sovjetik shp\u00ebrtheu nj\u00eb bomb\u00eb me shkrirje (Bomba Zar<\/em>) q\u00eb \u00e7liroi nj\u00eb energji mbi 3000 her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe se ajo e l\u00ebshuar mbi Hiroshim\u00eb. M\u00eb 3 shtator 2017 Koreja e Veriut ka shp\u00ebrthyer nj\u00eb bomb\u00eb me shkrirje q\u00eb ka prodhuar efekte sizmike t\u00eb barabarta me 6.8 grad\u00eb t\u00eb shkall\u00ebs Richter n\u00eb Gadishullin Korean.<\/p>\n

Oppenheimer, q\u00eb kishte drejtuar laboratorin e Los Alamos, pas lufte ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb president i Komitetit K\u00ebshillues t\u00eb United States Atomic Energy Commission<\/em> (AEC). Ai manifestoi n\u00eb raste t\u00eb ndryshme kund\u00ebrshtin\u00eb e tij ndaj nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb bomb\u00ebs me hidrogjen p\u00ebr motive etike. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj objektohej se nj\u00eb Super do t\u00eb ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb me p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb respektivisht p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb arm\u00ebve b\u00ebrthamore taktike. Kjo t\u00ebrhoqi antipatit\u00eb j\u00eb vet\u00ebm t\u00eb Teller, por edhe t\u00eb United States Air Force<\/em> e t\u00eb politikan\u00ebve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, mes t\u00eb cil\u00ebve Joseph McCarthy, i famsh\u00ebm prej eg\u00ebrsis\u00eb antikomuniste t\u00eb tij. Qe pik\u00ebrisht McCarthy q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1954 nisi nj\u00eb hetim kund\u00ebr Oppenheimer, q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn kishte pasur simpati komuniste. Hetimi pati si rezultat ndalimin n\u00eb ngarkim t\u00eb Oppenheimer p\u00ebr t\u00eb aksesuar n\u00eb sekretet atomike. Teller u thirr t\u00eb d\u00ebshmoj\u00eb dhe qe an\u00ebtari i vet\u00ebm i komunitetit shkencor q\u00eb u shqiptua kund\u00ebr Oppenheimer. Pjesa tjet\u00ebr e komunitetit shkencor, me n\u00eb krye Albert Einstein, doli n\u00eb mbrojtje t\u00eb Oppenheimer, q\u00eb n\u00eb fund u rehabilitua dhe mundi ta rimarr\u00eb rolin e tij si president i Komitetit K\u00ebshillues t\u00eb AEC dhe t\u00eb pedagogut t\u00eb Institute for Advanced Studies <\/em>t\u00eb Princeton University.<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 deklaroi nj\u00eb d\u00ebshmitar q\u00eb e pa n\u00eb vet\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ndodhin\u00eb: Po, qe nj\u00eb histori e sh\u00ebmtuar. Teller nuk qe i ndersh\u00ebm: tha se nuk kishte marr\u00eb asnj\u00eb inciativ\u00eb kund\u00ebr Oppenheimer, nd\u00ebrsa informacionet e dala demonstrojn\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn. Nuk e kishte p\u00ebrtypur opozit\u00ebn e Oppenheimer ndaj Super dhe beson se nuk e p\u00ebrtypte influenc\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb madhe politike. K\u00ebshtu, punoi me Lewis Strauss, kreu i Komisionit p\u00ebr Energjin\u00eb Atomike, p\u00ebr ta tejkaluar Oppenheimer. Foli me FBI e njer\u00ebz t\u00eb k\u00ebtij lloji dhe u referoi atyre dyshimet q\u00eb ushqente ndaj familjar\u00ebve dhe disa miq t\u00eb Oppenheimer, q\u00eb qen\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb Partis\u00eb Komuniste. Makina burokratike u vu n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje dhe arriti n\u00eb proces, por besoj se gj\u00ebra u shp\u00ebtoi prej dore, nuk mendoj se Teller donte ta d\u00ebrgonte n\u00eb gjykat\u00eb Oppenheimer apo t\u2019i hiqte clearance<\/em>. Roli i pasur nga Teller n\u00eb afer\u00ebn Oppenheimer i krijoi nj\u00eb marxhinalizim t\u00eb caktuar brenda komunitetit shlencor, por ruajti marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyera me mjediset politike dhe ushtarake.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb periudh\u00ebn e Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb mbajti poste t\u00eb ndryshme, qe nj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs i zjarrt\u00eb i nevoj\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u2019i rritur shpenzimet ushtarake p\u00ebr ta kund\u00ebrshtuar k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimin sovjetik dhe ju kund\u00ebrvu traktateve p\u00ebr ta kontrolluar proliferimin e arm\u00ebve b\u00ebrthamore. Bomba me hidrogjen qe nj\u00eb lloj fiksimi dhe u arrit n\u00eb pik\u00ebn q\u00eb t\u2019i sugjerohej edhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim joluftarak. P\u00ebr shembull, u propozua q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar nj\u00eb port n\u00eb uj\u00ebrat e thella n\u00eb Alask\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u2019u d\u00ebrguar atje qymyr dhe naft\u00eb. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm denoncuan d\u00ebmet e r\u00ebnda q\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrje e ngjashme do t\u2019i krijonte territorit e popullsive vendore dhe n\u00eb vitin 1962 projekti u braktis. Teller propozoi edhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte bomba termob\u00ebrthamore p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb naft\u00eb nga r\u00ebrat bituminoze n\u00eb veri t\u00eb Albertas, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtuar formimin e uragan\u00ebve n\u00eb oqean dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb asteroid\u00eb eventual n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e p\u00ebrplasjes me Tok\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitet \u201980, Teller qe nj\u00eb idhtar i flakt\u00eb i Strategic Defense Initiative<\/em>, e mbiquajtur ironoikisht nga kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt si \u201cLufta Yjore\u201d. Ideja baz\u00eb ishte ajo e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb lazer\u00ebve shum\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm (tok\u00ebsor\u00eb e satelitor\u00eb), fasha grimcash dhe raketa p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar raketat balistike sovjetike nd\u00ebrkontinental\u00eb. Teller u p\u00ebrpoq shum\u00eb p\u00ebr ta mb\u00ebshtetur iniciativ\u00ebn dhe arriti t\u00eb bind\u00eb p\u00ebr mir\u00ebsin\u00eb e nd\u00ebrmarrjes presidentin e at\u00ebhersh\u00ebm Ronald Reagan. Iniciativa mori shum\u00eb kritika nga eksponent\u00eb t\u00eb spikatur t\u00eb komunitetit shkencor. American Physical Society <\/em>(APS) mblodhi nj\u00eb panel ekspert\u00ebsh (ku b\u00ebnin pjes\u00eb edhe shpik\u00ebsit e lazerit) dhe konkludoi se midis t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb marr\u00eb n\u00eb konsiderat\u00eb n\u00eb projekt, asnj\u00ebri nuk ishte as p\u00ebr s\u00eb largu i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr implementim. Ideja vizionare e mb\u00ebshtetur nga Teller nuk mungoi t\u00eb ngjall\u00eb ironi t\u00eb ndryshme. P\u00ebr ta n\u00ebnvizuar optimizmin e tepruar t\u00eb manifestuar prej tij rreth mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr ta zhvilluar n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebra sisteme mbrojt\u00ebse t\u00eb caktuara, dikush pohoi se ishte futur nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi e re mat\u00ebse e optimizmit: telleri. Ama m\u00ebkat q\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi e till\u00eb mat\u00ebse ishte tejet e madhe dhe ndoshta ishte e nevojshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoreshin n\u00ebnshum\u00ebfishat e saj, si puna e nanotellerit (10-9<\/sup>) dhe e pikotellerit (10-12<\/sup>).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb karrier\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb gjat\u00eb shkencore, Teller \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb me tematika t\u00eb ndryshme. Midis gj\u00ebrave t\u00eb tjera, ka qen\u00eb nd\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb ka denoncuar pasojaz mjedisore t\u00eb mundshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb l\u00ebnd\u00ebve djeg\u00ebse me baz\u00eb fosile.\u00a0N\u00eb dhjetorin e 1957, n\u00eb nj\u00eb konferenc\u00eb t\u00eb mbajtur nga an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e American Chemical Society<\/em>, Teller t\u00ebrhoqi v\u00ebmendjen p\u00ebr faktin se akumulimi i anhidridit karbonik n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb, i shkaktuar nga djegia e qymyrit dhe naft\u00ebs duke filluar nga mesi i shekullit t\u00eb XIX, do ta rriste efektin ser\u00eb me rritjen pasuese t\u00eb temperatur\u00ebs globale. Argumenti merret prej tij n\u00eb 1959 n\u00eb nj\u00eb simpozium t\u00eb organizuar nga American Petroleum Institute <\/em>dhe nga Columbia Graduate School of Business<\/em>. P\u00ebr meritat e tij shkencore t\u00eb padyshimta, Teller ju dhan\u00eb mir\u00ebnjohje shkencore t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Midis tyre kujtojm\u00eb: Albert Einstein Award <\/em>n\u00eb 1958, Golden Plate Award<\/em> e American Academy of Achievement<\/em> n\u00eb 1961, Enrico Fermi Award<\/em> n\u00eb 1962, Harvey Prize <\/em>n\u00eb 1975, Eringen Medal<\/em> n\u00eb 1980, Sylvanus Thayer Award<\/em> e Akademis\u00eb Ushtarake t\u00eb Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara n\u00eb 1986, National Medal of Science<\/em> n\u00eb 1983, Presidential Citizens Medal<\/em> n\u00eb 1989 dhe Corvin Chain Medal <\/em>n\u00eb 2001. N\u00eb 2003, m\u00eb pak se dy muaj p\u00ebrpara vdekjes, i \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb Presidential Medal of Freedom<\/em> nga presidenti George W. Bush. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, qe an\u00ebtar i National Academy of Sciences<\/em> s\u00eb Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara,\u2019American Academy of Arts and Sciences<\/em>, American Association for the Advancement of Science<\/em>, American Nuclear Society <\/em>dhe American Physical Society<\/em>.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 9 shtator 2003, si\u00e7 e tham\u00eb m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, Teller vdiq n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 95 vje\u00e7are si pasoj\u00eb e nj\u00eb iktusi q\u00eb e kishte goditur dy dit\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. \u201cDo t\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb m\u00eb e mir\u00eb pa Teller\u201d. Kjo shprehje i atribuohet nganj\u00ebher\u00eb Isidor Rabi, nganj\u00ebher\u00eb Hans Bethe, t\u00eb dy nobelist\u00eb p\u00ebr Fizik\u00ebn, respektivisht n\u00eb 1944 dhe n\u00eb 1967. Pavar\u00ebsisht nga kush \u00ebsht\u00eb autori, fjalia shpreh mir\u00eb se cili ka qen\u00eb q\u00ebndrimi i shum\u00eb koleg\u00ebve shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb tij ndaj Teller. Me siguri q\u00eb ai ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb fizikan i madh, nganj\u00ebher\u00eb me intuita gjeniale, por ka qen\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb njeri zgjedhjet e t\u00eb cilit kan\u00eb qen\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb diskutueshme. Prej q\u00ebndrimit t\u00eb tij prej luft\u00ebnxit\u00ebsi dhe ciniku, \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb se Teller ka frym\u00ebzuar Stanley Kubrick n\u00eb ideimin e Doktorit Strangelove, protagonist i filmit me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin em\u00ebr t\u00eb vitit 1964: shkenc\u00ebtar i \u00e7mendur neurotik, i interpretuar mrkeullisht nga Peter Sellers. N\u00eb 1991 Teller i \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb edhe \u00e7mimi satirik IgNobel<\/em> p\u00ebr paqen n\u00eb mir\u00ebnjohje t\u00eb \u201cp\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb nj\u00eb jete p\u00ebr ta ndryshuar dometh\u00ebnien e paqes si\u00e7 e njohim ne\u201d.<\/p>\n

Dikush ka k\u00ebrkuar t\u00eb japo nj\u00eb justifikim p\u00ebr fiksimin e Teller lidhur me arm\u00ebt b\u00ebrthamore. P\u00ebr shembull astronomi dhe divulgatori i ndjer\u00eb Carl Sagan, q\u00eb i ka kushtuar Teller faqe t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb librit t\u00eb tij Bota e infektuar nga djajt\u00eb<\/em>, thekson substancialin mir\u00ebbesim t\u00eb tij. Faktikisht, Sagan mendon se Teller ishte praktikisht i bindur se arm\u00ebt b\u00ebrthamore mund t\u00eb kontribuonin n\u00eb mir\u00ebq\u00ebnien e njer\u00ebzimit, duke mundur t\u00eb zgjidhin shum\u00eb prej problemeve tona n\u00eb luft\u00eb e n\u00eb paqe (nga k\u00ebtu edhe idet\u00eb e tij ekstravagante lidhur me zbatimet paq\u00ebsore t\u00eb bombave termob\u00ebrthamore). Ve\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, dikush ka k\u00ebrkuar ta justifikoj\u00eb q\u00ebndrimin e tij ashp\u00ebrsisht antikomuniste dhe, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ultraliberal dhe kund\u00ebr \u00e7do regjimi autoritar. N\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebrin\u00eb e tij t\u00eb hershme Teller qe d\u00ebshmitar i shkat\u00ebrrimeve t\u00eb shkaktuara vendit t\u00eb tij, Hungaris\u00eb, fillimisht nga Bela Kun, q\u00eb qeverisi Republik\u00ebn Sovjetike Hungareze n\u00eb 1919, dhe m\u00eb pas nga Miklos Horthy, q\u00eb qe regjenti profashist i Hungaris\u00eb nga 1920 deri m\u00eb 1944. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb Gjermani Teller mundi t\u00eb eksperimentonte mizorit\u00eb e regjimit t\u00eb sapolindur nazist.<\/p>\n

Nuk na takon ne t\u00eb japim gjykime morale mbi Teller. Megjithat\u00eb sigurisht cil\u00ebsit\u00eb e padyshimta t\u00eb tij intelektive do t\u2019i b\u00ebnin t\u00eb mundur t\u00eb parashikonte se cilat mund t\u00eb ishin pasojat e zgjedhjeve t\u00eb caktuara. Si\u00e7 u tha, duke ndjekur obsesionin e tij p\u00ebr bombat, Teller thelb\u00ebsisht ka harxhuar dhuntit\u00eb e tij t\u00eb m\u00ebdha shkencore q\u00eb me siguri do t\u2019i lejonte t\u00eb b\u00ebhej nj\u00eb fizikan v\u00ebrtet i madh (ka mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb nj\u00eb diskutim i ngjash\u00ebm mund t\u2019i aplikohet edhe Oppenheimer). Teller demonstroi faktikisht se ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb jepte kontribute t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb viteve t\u00eb para t\u00eb aktivitetit t\u00eb tij. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 efekteve t\u00eb sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendurit Jahn \u2013 Teller dhe kontributeve n\u00eb kimin\u00eb \u2013 fizik\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrfaqeve, Teller zhvilloi ide novatore edhe n\u00eb fizik\u00ebn b\u00ebrthamore bazike. Ka mund\u00ebsi, pa obsesionin e tij p\u00ebr armatimet do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb jepte shum\u00eb kontribute t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb saj Teller fizikan teoricien gjenial qe, si t\u00eb thuash, p\u00ebr ta v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb hije nga Teller ekspert i armatmeve b\u00ebrthamore dhe konsulent politiko \u2013 ushtarak. Ka mund\u00ebsi u t\u00ebrhoq nga pushteti dhe qe i paaft\u00eb t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb at\u00eb autonomi intelektuale q\u00eb ka karakterizuar n\u00eb fakt shum\u00eb koleg\u00eb t\u00eb tij shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb, q\u00eb pa harruar humanizmin e tyre, u impenjuan aktivisht n\u00eb frontin pacifis dhe n\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7armatimit b\u00ebrthamor.<\/p>\n

B\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr tematika, ahim\u00e8, mjaft aktuale, duke par\u00eb situat\u00ebn preokupuese nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u uruar q\u00eb t\u00eb mos shfaqen Teller t\u00eb tjer\u00eb n\u00eb horizont dhe q\u00eb midis shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve t\u00eb mbizot\u00ebroj\u00eb shpirti i bashk\u00ebpunimit, q\u00eb p\u00ebrve\u00e7 p\u00ebrjashtimeve t\u00eb rralla, ka p\u00ebr fat karakterizuar gjithmon\u00eb komunitetin shkencor. Si\u00e7 ka deklaruar fizikani Carlo Rovelli pasi ka asituar n\u00eb anteprim\u00ebn e fundit n\u00eb New York e filmit t\u00eb Christopher Nolan kushtuar Robert Oppenheimer: \u201c\u00c7\u00ebshtjet q\u00eb ky film ngre nuk ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb vet\u00ebm me vitet \u201940 dhe me problemet e p\u00ebrgjithshme lidhur me etik\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebs, por jan\u00eb tema sot djeg\u00ebse. [\u2026] P\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb jan\u00eb miq, kinez\u00ebt jan\u00eb miq. Komuniteti i shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve duhet t\u2019u thot\u00eb politikan\u00ebve: ndaloni me k\u00ebt\u00eb marr\u00ebzi\u201d. Sakt\u00ebsisht e kund\u00ebrta e asaj q\u00eb b\u00ebri Teller n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij.<\/p>\n

(nga MicroMega<\/em>)<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgatiti<\/strong><\/p>\n

ARMIN TIRANA<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

20 vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, m\u00eb 9 shtatorin e 2003, nd\u00ebrronte jet\u00eb n\u00eb Stanford t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb fizikani Edward Teller. P\u00ebrvjetori ofron rastin p\u00ebr ta rip\u00ebshkruar shkurtimisht jet\u00ebn e gjat\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij shkenc\u00ebtari t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb e kontradiktor dhe p\u00ebr shprehur disa konsiderata mbi raportet midis shkenc\u00ebs e pushtetit dhe, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, me at\u00eb ushtarak. Ede …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":56757,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56756"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=56756"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56756\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/56757"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=56756"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=56756"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=56756"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}