Kozak\u00ebt zaporozhias apo t\u00eb Dnieprit u vendos\u00ebn brenda kufijve aktuale t\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs, midis Dnieprit dhe gryk\u00ebderdhjes s\u00eb Donit, n\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebkryq midis mbret\u00ebrish\u00eb e perandorish\u00eb. T\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb midis lindjes dhe per\u00ebndimit midis fuqis\u00eb ruse, asaj polako \u2013 lituaneze dhe me Perandorin\u00eb Osmane n\u00eb jug, midis shekullit t\u00eb XVI e t\u00eb XVII arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb hiqnin nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb tyren, duke e bilancuar me aleanca dhe rebelime.<\/p>\n
Lajmet e para p\u00ebr kozak\u00ebt e ardhur nga kufijt\u00eb e Vojvodatit t\u00eb Kievit, shfaqen n\u00eb burimet e fundit t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb XV. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb epok\u00eb rezultojn\u00eb shumica e her\u00ebve t\u00eb shoqruar me qytetin Tsherkassijt, n\u00eb jug t\u00eb Kievit n\u00eb lumin Dniep\u00ebr, q\u00eb u sh\u00ebrben atyre si pik\u00eb referimi dhe mbledhjeje. Megjithat\u00eb, krijimi i k\u00ebtij grupi n\u00eb nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri ushtarake t\u00eb organizuar me krer\u00ebt e vet i p\u00ebrket viteve 1530. N\u00eb dekadat pasuese, k\u00ebto kontigjente vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb bashkohen n\u00eb vendbanime t\u00eb vogla n\u00eb kufijt\u00eb e Dnieprit, n\u00eb rrethinat e qytetit aktual t\u00eb Zaporizhjias (500 kilometra n\u00eb jug t\u00eb Kievit). N\u00eb vitin 1556, princi dhe manjati ruten Dmytro Ivanovic Vyshnenevetskij apo Wisniowiecki (i vdekur n\u00eb vitin 1563), staroste<\/em> (kapiten) i qytetit Tsherkassij dhe Kaniv, koordinon nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb k\u00ebshtjelle t\u00eb re n\u00eb ishullin Mala Khortytsia, n\u00eb oblastin e Zaporizhjias, q\u00eb nuk rezulton direkt i destinuar p\u00ebr kozak\u00ebt, i t\u00eb cil\u00ebve do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet atamani i par\u00eb, por q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrforcuar pozicionin e tyre n\u00eb rajon. Pas shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj k\u00ebshtjelle nga ana e ushtris\u00eb osmane n\u00eb vitin 1557, do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb pritet viti 1570 me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb kozak\u00ebt zaporizhias t\u00eb vendosen n\u00eb nj\u00eb ishull t\u00eb af\u00ebrt, Sitch apo Sietch, i b\u00ebr\u00eb progresivisht kryeqyteti informal i tyre.<\/p>\n Njohja e liris\u00eb personale dhe e dh\u00ebnies nga ana e mbretit polak t\u00eb disa privilegjeve, n\u00eb k\u00ebmbim t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit ushtarak, e b\u00ebjn\u00eb statusin kozak gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb interesant dhe t\u00ebrheq\u00ebs. Numri i ikanak\u00ebve nga Sitch njeh nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb vazhdueshme q\u00eb e shtyn mbretin e Polonis\u00eb ta rregulloj\u00eb fenomenin. N\u00eb vitin 1572, Sigismund i II August (1520 \u2013 1572) krijoi regjistrin e par\u00eb kozak, i fiksuar n\u00eb 300 njer\u00ebz, me nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb ushtarake t\u00eb veten: kjo list\u00eb duhet t\u00eb sanksionoj\u00eb nj\u00eb trup\u00eb permanente, e shp\u00ebrblyer nga monarkia dhe e pajisur me privilegje juridike dhe fiskale. Pavar\u00ebsisht zgjerimeve t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme t\u00eb regjistrit, numri i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm kozak\u00ebve nuk pushon s\u00eb rrituri, duke e tejkaluar me shum\u00eb list\u00ebn reale.<\/p>\n Situata b\u00ebhet m\u00eb ambige n\u00eb momentin e fushatave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha ushtarake, kur pushteti nuk hezotn t\u00eb p\u00ebrforcoj\u00eb efektivat e ushtris\u00eb edhe me kozak\u00eb jo t\u00eb regjistruar. P\u00ebr shembull, teksa dimensionet e kontigjentit n\u00eb 1617 ishte \u00e7uar n\u00eb 1000 individ\u00eb, fushata e vitit t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm kund\u00ebr moskovit\u00ebve mobilizon rreth 20000 zaporizhias pa asnj\u00eb status t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Regjistri k\u00ebrkon t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb lloj aristokracie kozake, por \u00ebsjt\u00eb nj\u00eblloj n\u00eb origjin\u00eb e tensioneve t\u00eb shumta midis atyre q\u00eb figurojn\u00eb n\u00eb list\u00eb dhe kozak\u00ebve \u201ct\u00eb rangjeve\u201d, xheloz\u00eb p\u00ebr privilegjet e t\u00eb par\u00ebve.<\/p>\n Gjysma e dyt\u00eb e shekullit t\u00eb XVI \u00e7on n\u00eb nj\u00eb institucionalizim t\u00eb strukturave ushtarake t\u00eb Sitch, me nj\u00eb asamble, nj\u00eb shef ushtarak (ataman apo hetman) dhe disa oficer\u00eb t\u00eb zgjedhur. Faktikisht, trupat e regjistruara shfaqen shpesh n\u00eb rebelimet kozake t\u00eb regjistruara nga atamani i zgjedhur, q\u00eb vazhdon t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb kontrollin e ushtris\u00eb zaporizhiase. Revolta kund\u00ebr autoriteteve zyrtare b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb fenomen i zakonsh\u00ebm duke filluar nga fundi i shekullit t\u00eb XVI dhe gjysm\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb XVII.<\/p>\n T\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozicion t\u00eb l\u00ebkundur, me detyrimin e rinegocimit t\u00eb statutit t\u00eb tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur privilegjet apo p\u00ebr t\u00eb sigurar pagesat e premtuara p\u00ebr nj\u00eb fushat\u00eb, zaporizhiasit gjenden n\u00eb margjinat e ligjshm\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebrpara pushtetit mbret\u00ebror polak. Nga ana e tij, mbretit i duhet t\u00eb ushtroj\u00eb nj\u00eb presion permanent mbi k\u00ebto trupa pak t\u00eb disiplinuara, t\u00eb dobishme n\u00eb rast beteje, por q\u00eb mund t\u00eb transformohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim p\u00ebr paqen, rendet e brendshme dhe p\u00ebr raportet diplomatike me Perandorin\u00eb Osmane.<\/p>\n Tensione fetare<\/strong><\/p>\n Kronologjia e rebelimeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb para \u2013 ato t\u00eb Kosinski e t\u00eb Nalewajko \u2013 i ofron rastin disa historian\u00ebve t\u00eb\u00a0 m\u00ebdhenj p\u00ebr t\u00eb afirmuar se k\u00ebt\u00eb tensione qen\u00eb ngusht\u00ebsisht t\u00eb lidhura me Unionin e Brestit, q\u00eb kishte miratuar n\u00eb 1595 \u2013 1596 kalimin e metropolit ortodoks t\u00eb Kievit n\u00ebn besnik\u00ebrin\u00eb e Pap\u00ebs s\u00eb Roms dhe sh\u00ebnojn\u00eb lindjen e Kish\u00ebs uniate t\u00eb Poloni \u2013 Lituanis\u00eb. Nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb e v\u00ebmendshme megjithat\u00eb tregon se faktori fetar rezulton pak i pranish\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebto revolta, t\u00eb shkaktuara nga rivendikime personale t\u00eb ataman\u00ebve apo pjes\u00ebrisht t\u00eb instrumentalizuara nga mbrojt\u00ebsi i zjarrt\u00eb i kampit ortodoks, Vojvoda i Kievit Konstantij Wasyl Ostrogski. Kleri uniat i sheh k\u00ebto evenimente si nj\u00eb komplot t\u00eb formuar nga aleanca midis zaporozhasve, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesve t\u00eb klerit ruten, q\u00eb guxojn\u00eb t\u00eb mos e pranojn\u00eb Unionin, dhe princit ortodoks Ostrogski. Megjithat\u00eb, pas disfat\u00ebs s\u00eb Nalewajko, e shkaktuar nga trupat reale dhe deri n\u00eb vitet 1610, n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim nga k\u00ebto akuza, kozak\u00ebt akuta ruhen mir\u00eb nga nd\u00ebrhyrja n\u00eb tensinet fetare midis p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebsve dhe kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebve t\u00eb Unionit. Situata ndryshon pas vitit 1608, me vdekjen e princit Ostrogski, q\u00eb ushtronte nj\u00eb influenc\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb politike, ekonomike dhe ushtarake mbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb territorin e vojvadatit t\u00eb Kievit dhe t\u00eb Volynia. Vdekja e tij l\u00eb nj\u00eb boshll\u00ebk n\u00eb kampin ortodoks, q\u00eb ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb reja.<\/p>\n Konteksti rezulton edhe m\u00eb preokupues p\u00ebr faktin se mbreti polak tregon tashm\u00eb n\u00eb vendosm\u00ebri m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjen e tij ndaj uniat\u00ebve. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin moment, kozak\u00ebt e shohin pozicionin e tyre t\u00eb p\u00ebrforcuar, pasi Sigismundi i III (1566 \u2013 1632) p\u00ebrgatit nj\u00eb ekspedit\u00eb t\u00eb re kund\u00ebr Moskovis\u00eb dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb i prirur q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb l\u00ebshime p\u00ebr t\u2019i pasur kozak\u00ebt nga ana e tij, fakt q\u00eb p\u00ebrcakton nj\u00eb afrim midis ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb kozak\u00ebve dhe kish\u00ebs ortodokse.<\/p>\n P\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket klerit lindor, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetesh mbi nj\u00eb aleat, q\u00eb p\u00ebr nga fuqia ushtarake e tij rezulton i domosdosh\u00ebm p\u00ebr monarkin\u00eb polake, edhe pse rivendikon nj\u00eb pavar\u00ebsi t\u00eb caktuar. P\u00ebr kozak\u00ebtm lidhja me nj\u00eb kish\u00eb jo t\u00eb njohur ofron nj\u00eb argument t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb loj\u00ebn e tyre politike me \u00e7pushtetin mbret\u00ebror. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, impenjimi fetar i kozak\u00ebve i sh\u00ebrben atyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar mb\u00ebshtetjen e popullsis\u00eb rutene, q\u00eb n\u00eb vojvodatin e Kievit mbetet m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti ortodokse dhe mund t\u00eb sjell\u00eb nj\u00eb ndihm\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7muar n\u00eb rast konflikteve eventuale me pushtetin polak. Afrimi sanksionohet n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet aksionesh simbolike, me regjistrimin n\u00eb vitin 1615 e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ushtris\u00eb zaporoshiase n\u00eb V\u00ebllaz\u00ebrin\u00eb Ortodokse t\u00eb Kievit. Ky pozicion fetar favorizon nj\u00eblloj edukimin politik t\u00eb kozak\u00ebve, me d\u00ebrgimin e ambasadave n\u00eb Dietat polake dhe me adoptimin e praktikave t\u00eb respektuara nga fisnik\u00ebria polake. P\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, prapa shfaqjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb grupi antisistem, kozak\u00ebt zaporozhias shprehin nj\u00eb kultur\u00eb mosbindjeje, modeli i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs t\u00eb \u00e7on direkt n\u00eb jet\u00ebn politike t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs Polako \u2013 Lituane. Nj\u00eb transpozim i till\u00eb duket shum\u00eb m\u00eb leht\u00eb n\u00eb sa oficer\u00eb t\u00eb shumt\u00eb kozak\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga fisnik\u00ebria e vog\u00ebl lokale.<\/p>\n Vet\u00ebm Zoti i kontrollon kozak\u00ebt<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, Vojvoda i Kievit b\u00ebhet bastioni i opozitar\u00ebve uniat\u00eb, t\u00eb vendosur n\u00ebn nj\u00eb influenc\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb kozake. Duke p\u00ebrfituar nga situata e brisht\u00eb e pushtetit mbret\u00ebror n\u00eb Varshav\u00eb, q\u00eb u l\u00eb atyre nj\u00eb mosnd\u00ebshkueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb caktuar, zaporozhasit guxojn\u00eb disa aksione t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, duke vrar\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1618 nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb mitropolitit uniat dhe duke vazhduar me konkursin e patriarkut Teofani i III i Jeruzalemit (i vdekur n\u00eb vitin 1644), n\u00eb konsakrim t\u00eb nj\u00eb mitropoliti t\u00eb ri ortodoks dhe t\u00eb 6 peshkop\u00ebve p\u00ebr dioqezat e ndryshme, t\u00eb pushtuara nga uniat\u00ebt. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, nj\u00eb aleanc\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj natyre i vendos hierarkit\u00eb ortodokse n\u00ebn var\u00ebsin\u00eb e kozak\u00ebve, pa mund t\u2019i kalis\u00eb aksionet e tyre dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb fre n\u00eb tentativat e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb normalizuar raportet me autoritetet polake. Ky ambiguitet lexohet n\u00eb kujtes\u00ebn drejtuar Sigismundit t\u00eb III nga ana e peshkop\u00ebve ortodoks\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1621: \u201c\u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se askush n\u00eb bot\u00eb, me p\u00ebrjashtim t\u00eb Zotit, i sjell kaq shum\u00eb benefite kristianizmit t\u00eb n\u00ebnshtruar ashtu si\u00e7 nuk b\u00ebjn\u00eb grek\u00ebt me tributin e tyre, mbret\u00ebrit e Spanj\u00ebs me flot\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb fuqishme dhe trupa e zaporozhasve me kurajon dhe fitoret e tyre\u2026 Jp vet\u00ebm se nuk ka asnj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb q\u00eb prift\u00ebrinjt\u00eb t\u00eb ankohen, por jan\u00eb vet\u00eb ata q\u00eb konrollojn\u00eb prift\u00ebrinjt\u00eb e qytetar\u00ebt dhe u kujtojn\u00eb azyte, nganj\u00ebher\u00eb me k\u00ebrc\u00ebnime, se feja nuk duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetoj\u00eb kurrfar\u00eb ndryshimi dhe asnj\u00eb komunion me unitat\u00ebt apokrif\u00eb. Zoti i kontrolloft\u00eb\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb motiv q\u00eb n\u00eb vitet \u201920 e shekullit t\u00eb XVII, kleri ortodoks k\u00ebrkon q\u00eb t\u00eb kryej\u00eb \u2013 pa sukses \u2013 nj\u00eb diplomaci religjioze autonome, duke hapur negociatat me peshkop\u00ebt uniat\u00eb. Vitet e fundit n\u00eb mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Sigismundit t\u00eb III jan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar nga nj\u00eb agjitacion i fort\u00eb i lidhur me tensione fetare. N\u00eb rebelimin e zaporozhiasve t\u00eb tartarit Taras Triasylo Fedorowicz, ataman i kozak\u00ebve jo t\u00eb regjistruar, n\u00eb vitin 1630 kontestimi fetar i lajm\u00ebruar qart\u00eb dhe ngjall reagime t\u00eb huaja. N\u00eb projektin e tij t\u00eb aleanc\u00ebs kund\u00ebr Polonis\u00eb, mbreti i Suedis\u00eb Gustavi i II Adolf Vasa (1594 \u2013 1632) i d\u00ebrgon nj\u00eb let\u00ebr atamanit kozak, duke u paraqitur si \u201carmik i jezuit\u00ebve dhe mbrojt\u00ebs i religjionit grek\u201d. Kjo revolt\u00eb prodhon diskutime t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb pavarura nga situata religjioze e ruten\u00ebve. N\u00ebse oficer\u00ebt kozak\u00eb tregohen pak t\u00eb prirur ndaj ambasad\u00ebs suedeze, duke qen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb prirur t\u00eb negociojn\u00eb me pushtetin polak, njer\u00ebzit e rangut rimarrin ankesat e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb ortodokse, nuk hezitojn\u00eb t\u00eb ngren\u00eb me z\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb se polak\u00ebt i eliminojn\u00eb zaporozhasit p\u00ebrfshi gra dhe f\u00ebmij\u00eb n\u00ebse ata refuzojn\u00eb t\u00eb konvertohen n\u00eb \u201cpapiz\u00ebm\u201d. Disa kronika ortodokse afirmojn\u00eb edhe pse Staniskaw Koniekpolski, i ngarkuar ta shtyp\u00eb revolt\u00ebn, kan\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb shpat\u00eb t\u00eb bekuar nga domenikan\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u201czhdukur ruten\u00ebt\u201d.<\/p>\n T\u00eb survejuar nga af\u00ebr<\/strong><\/p>\n Ndarjet shpalosen n\u00eb nj\u00eb paqe kompromisi q\u00eb e rrit numrin e kozak\u00ebve t\u00eb regjistruar n\u00eb 8000 individ\u00eb, por u ndalon sulmet n\u00eb territorin osman. Disa pal\u00eb, t\u00eb pak\u00ebnaqura nga marr\u00ebveshja, vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb ushqejn\u00eb tensionet dhe shpalosen n\u00eb revolta t\u00eb reja. Ardhja n\u00eb fron e Ladislavit t\u00eb IV (1595 \u2013 1648) modifikon thell\u00ebsisht statutin e kish\u00ebs ortodokse dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr kontribuon n\u00eb zvog\u00eblimin e konflikteve t\u00eb trash\u00ebguara nga dekadat e m\u00ebpasme. Djali i Sigisimundit t\u00eb III tregohet i v\u00ebmendsh\u00ebm ndaj rivendosjes s\u00eb paqes civile dhe pranon t\u2019i rijap\u00eb ligjshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb hierarkis\u00eb ortodokse, me kusht q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb peshkop\u00ebt t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb rinovuar dhe, k\u00ebsaj radhe, t\u00eb konfirmuar nga mbreti. Selis\u00eb mitropolitane i atribuohet superiorit t\u00eb nj\u00eb manastiri t\u00eb Shpell\u00ebve t\u00eb Kievit, Pyotr Mohyla (1596 \u2013 1647), mitropolit pinjoll nga nj\u00eb familje princ\u00ebrore moldave dhe i njohur p\u00ebr karizm\u00ebn e tij dhe me nj\u00eb orientim t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar n\u00eb favor t\u00eb nj\u00eb lealizmi drejt pushteteve yzrtare. Me statutin e tyre tashm\u00eb t\u00eb njohur dhe vizionet personale e peshkopve t\u00eb rinj ortodoks\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb largohen nga zaporozhasit, t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u kontrolluar n\u00eb veprimet e tyre.<\/p>\n Njer\u00ebzit nga Sitch, megjith\u00ebse duke e humbur mb\u00ebshtetjen e aristokracis\u00eb ekleziaste rutene, gjenden gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00ebn presionin e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesve mbret\u00ebror\u00eb, q\u00eb tentojn\u00eb ta kufizojn\u00eb aktivitetin e tyre. N\u00eb vitin 1635, polak\u00ebt vendosin t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebshtjell\u00eb t\u00eb re n\u00eb af\u00ebrsit\u00eb e Kodakut me q\u00ebllim bllokimin e hyrjes n\u00eb Sitch dhe pengimit t\u00eb ekspeditave n\u00eb territorin osman. Reagimi kozak nuk pret dhe gjat\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit vit nj\u00eb kontigjent i udh\u00ebhequr nga atamani Iwan Sulima (i vdekur n\u00eb vitin 1635) e shkat\u00ebrron pjes\u00ebrisht sheshin e p\u00ebrforcuar. N\u00eb vitet 1637 \u2013 1638 rebelimet e Pawel Pawluk e t\u00eb Jakub Ostrzanin ose Yakiv Ostryanyn i ashp\u00ebrsojn\u00eb edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb tensionet midis kozak\u00ebve t\u00eb regjistruar, pasi shum\u00eb prej tyre dhe n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb agjitator\u00ebt gjejn\u00eb n\u00eb radh\u00eb disa rebel\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb i mbesin besnik\u00eb pushtetit mbret\u00ebror. K\u00ebto p\u00ebrplasje konsolidojn\u00eb nj\u00eblloj aleanc\u00ebn midis kozak\u00ebve dhe bot\u00ebs rurale rutene, q\u00eb merr pjes\u00eb masivisht n\u00eb luftime, duke i v\u00ebn\u00eb zaporozhasit n\u00eb rolin e mbrojt\u00ebsve t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb plebeje p\u00ebrball\u00eb presionit t\u00eb zot\u00ebrinjve feudal\u00eb.<\/p>\n Nj\u00eb vendosm\u00ebri e vonuar<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, humbjet kozake p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rigjall\u00ebrim n\u00eb dor\u00ebn e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb organizat\u00ebs institucionale zaporozhiase nga ana e Polonis\u00eb. Rregulli i miratuar nga Dieta polake n\u00eb vitin 1638 p\u00ebrcakton se tashm\u00eb kontigjenti i regjistruar do t\u00eb drejtohet nga nj\u00eb komisar mbret\u00ebror polak dhe se t\u00eb gjitha postet kryesore, nga komandanti deri tek kolonel\u00ebt e regjimenteve do t\u2019u rezervohen fisnik\u00ebve polake t\u00eb ardhur direkt nga administrata mbret\u00ebrore dhe q\u00eb nuk vijn\u00eb nga radh\u00ebt e zaporozhiasve. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, teksti merret me n\u00ebnshkrimin e stautit kozak brenda popullsis\u00eb lokale, duke u ndaluar borgjez\u00ebve dhe djemve t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb lidhur me kozak\u00ebt, por edhe vazat e martuara me burra emrat e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve nuk figurojn\u00eb n\u00eb regjist\u00ebr, n\u00ebn d\u00ebnimin e konfiskimit t\u00eb pronave t\u00eb tyre. N\u00ebse kjo vendosm\u00ebri politike pengon revolat e reja p\u00ebr rreth nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb, ajo kontribuon t\u00eb rritet pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsia ndaj administrator\u00ebve mbret\u00ebror\u00eb dhe forcon m\u00ebrin\u00eb ndaj nj\u00eb hierarkie, e perceptuar si e padrejt\u00eb dhe arbitrare. Faktikisht, reagimi mbret\u00ebror vjen shum\u00eb von\u00eb p\u00ebr ta frenuar nj\u00eb evolucion t\u00eb nisur nga fundi i shekullit t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebme. T\u00eb konsideruara n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre, tentativat e monarkis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rregulluar m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e jetes\u00ebs s\u00eb komuniteteve kozake, do t\u00eb dukej deri se kishte vendosur nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb akteve t\u00eb mosbindjes dhe t\u00eb konflikteve t\u00eb dhunshme.<\/p>\n Nj\u00eb paradoks i till\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb edhe me rebelimin e madh t\u00eb nisur n\u00eb vitin 1648 n\u00ebn drejtimin e atamanit Bogdan Khmelnitskij (1595 \u2013 1657). Efektivisht, ky konflikt, i nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsie t\u00eb paprecedent, shp\u00ebrthen n\u00eb fundin e mbret\u00ebrimit t\u00eb Ladislaut t\u00eb IV, edhe pse i sh\u00ebnuar nga nj\u00eb politik\u00eb paq\u00ebtimi fetar dhe p\u00ebrpjekjesh p\u00ebr t\u00eb kufizuar tensionet direkte midis komuniteteve konkurruese. Pas k\u00ebsaj kronologjie, fshihet ndoshta vet\u00eb natyra e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb kozak\u00ebve zaporizhias, q\u00eb pasi kan\u00eb integruar kodet dhe kultur\u00ebn e Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Dy Kombeve, nuk mund t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb q\u00eb aristokracit\u00eb t\u00eb refuzojn\u00eb s\u00eb futuri rivendikimet e tyre n\u00eb nj\u00eb procedure negociate t\u00eb rezervuar vet\u00ebm fisnik\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/p>\n (nga Storia in Rete<\/em>)<\/p>\n P\u00ebrgatiti<\/strong><\/p>\n ARMIN TIRANA<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Kozak\u00ebt zaporozhias apo t\u00eb Dnieprit u vendos\u00ebn brenda kufijve aktuale t\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs, midis Dnieprit dhe gryk\u00ebderdhjes s\u00eb Donit, n\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebkryq midis mbret\u00ebrish\u00eb e perandorish\u00eb. T\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb midis lindjes dhe per\u00ebndimit midis fuqis\u00eb ruse, asaj polako \u2013 lituaneze dhe me Perandorin\u00eb Osmane n\u00eb jug, midis shekullit t\u00eb XVI e t\u00eb XVII arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb hiqnin nj\u00eb …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":54542,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54541"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54541"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54541\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/54542"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/foltore.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}